Bakerantha caerulea (Matuda) I. Ramírez & K. Romero
Descripción
Plants caulescent, 35–80 cm, 30–52 cm diam. when in bloom, forming colonies of 2 to 10 or more rosettes. Leaves 18 to 30 per rosette, pendent; sheaths 3.5–4 × 5.5–7 cm; blades 50–150 cm, light green, entire margin. Inflorescence 150–185 cm. Peduncle terete, 30–67 cm, 1.2–1.3 cm diam. at base, green with purplish tint, internodes (3–)4–8(–9) cm. Peduncle bracts long-attenuate, 5–32 × 2–2.5 cm, light brown. Male inflorescence 3-divided, main axis 110–185 cm, internodes (3–)4–8 cm; primary branches 16–27(–33) cm, stipe (3–)4–6.7 cm; secondary branches 10–15 cm; tertiary branches 3–5(–7) cm; floral bracts triangular, acute to acuminate, shorter than pedicels, 1.5–2 × 1 mm, light purplish to brown at apex, margin entire, sinuous. Pedicels 2.5–3 mm. Flowers with sepals ovate, acute, 2 × 1.5 mm, green at base, purplish at apex; corolla campanulate; petals elliptic, rounded, 4.5–4.8 × 2–2.5 mm, cerulean; stamens 2.3–3.4 mm; pistillode 2 × 1 mm, white. Female inflorescence 3-divided panicle, main axis 115–120 cm, internodes 2–6(–9) cm; primary branches 18–37 cm, stipe 2.5–7(–10) cm; secondary branches 8–14(–15.5) cm; tertiary branches 3–6 cm. Floral bracts triangular, acute, 1.5–1.7 × 1 mm, shorter than pedicels, light purplish to brown at apex. Pedicels 2–3 mm. Flowers with sepals ovate, acute, 2–2.5 × 2 mm, green at base, purplish at apex; corolla campanulate; petals elliptic, acute to rounded, 4.5–5 × 2–2.5 mm, reflexed at anthesis, cerulean; staminodes 2 × 0.5 mm; ovary ovoid, 3 mm, light green, 35 to 42 ovules per ovary; stigmatic lobes 1.5 mm. Fruit 8–9 mm, 2–3 mm diam.; seeds 3–3.5 mm, body brown. A
Floración
Feb–MayA
Fructificación
Mar–MayA
Forma de crecimiento
Hierba Plants caulescent.A
Ejemplar revisado
MEXICO. Estado de México: Mpio. Ixtapan del Oro, carretera San Nicolás Tolentino– Tutuapan, 19°12′27″N, 100°14′29″W, 1651 m, 24 Apr. 2019, Romero-Soler et al. 1253 (RBGRO-CICY living collection, 2021.018); Mpio. Santo Tomás, near Ixtapantongo, S of Bravo Valley, [19°10′29″N, 100°14′36″W], [1330 m], 15 May 1956, Matuda s.n. (US); Valle de Bravo, [19°10′29″N, 100°14′36″W], 1300 m, 30 Aug. 1974, Rauh 36658 ♀ (HEID); cercanías de Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, [19°10′43″N, 100°15′20″W], 1100 m, 3 Mar. 1956, Matuda et al. 32602 (CODAGEM, ENCB, MEXU); 5 km delante de San Nicolás Tolentino y 1 km al SE de Nuevo Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, barranca del río Tilostoc, 19°10′06″N, 100°15′02″W, 1400 m, 10 Mar. 1992, Flores-Cruz et al. 721 ♀/♂ (CHAPA, MEXU); alrededores de Nuevo Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, [19°10′43″N, 100°15′21″W], 1100 m, 14 Apr. 1996, Flores-Cruz & Echeverria 1266 ♀ fruits (CHAPA, CICY); Malpaís, [19°11′00″N, 100°15′13″W], 1320 m, 14 Apr. 1996, Flores-Cruz & Echeverria 1267 ♂ (CHAPA, CICY); 5 km luego Nuevo Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, 19°10′17.2″N, 100°17′5″W, 1070 m, 5 Apr. 2008, Ramírez et al. 1516 (CICY); alrededores de Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, Malpaís, 19°11′00″N, 100°15′13″W, 1341 m, 16 Apr. 2016, Romero-Soler et al. 1198 ♀, 1199 ♀, 1201 ♀, 1202 ♀, 1203 ♀, 1204 ♀, 197 ♂, 1200 ♂, 1205 ♂ (CICY); Mpio. Tonatico, Tonatico, Ixtapan de la Sal, [18°49′24″N, 99°40′32″W], 1800 m, 4 May 1965, Matuda 38642 ♀ fruits (CODAGEM, MEXU); cerca de Ixtapan de la Sal, en barranca de orilla de río, [18°49′10″N, 99°40′20″W], 1400 m, 21 Mar. 1966, Matuda 37547 ♂ (CODAGEM, HEM, MEXU); 3 Apr. 1966, [18°49′24″N, 99°40′32″W], 1700 m, Matuda 37631 ♀ fruits (CODAGEM, MEXU); Los Amates, 18°46′47″N, 99°40′19″W, 1465 m, Gómez-Roa et al. 733 ♀/♂ (IZTA); Tonatico, zona de barranca El Salto [Tzumpantitlán], 18°46′53.2″N, 99°39′54″W, 1603 m, Romero-Soler & Saenz-Pedroza 1233, 1256 (RBGRO-CICY living collection, 2021.017); Mpio. Valle de Bravo, [19°13′13″N, 100°09′27″W], 1800 m, 18 Mar. 1973, Matuda et al. 38550 ♀ (CODAGEM, LL, MEXU, MO); ca. 7.4 km después de San Nicolas Tolentino, rumbo a Ixtapan del Oro, 19°12′30″N, 100°15′0″W, 1660 m, 11 Mar. 2007, Espejo et al. 6941 ♀ (CIIDIR, UAMIZ), 6942 ♂ (UAMIZ). Guerrero: Mpio. Pilcaya, Piedras Negras, orillas del río Chontalcoatlán, 18°42′34″N, 99°37′11″W, 1205 m, 7 Apr. 2018, Romero-Soler & Saenz-Pedroza 1236 ♂ (CICY). Morelos: near Cuernavaca, [18°45′N, 99°14′W], [1000 m], 1981, Flügel 85 ♂ (HEID). A
Distribución
México (Country) endemicB: Guerrero present; Morelos present
Elevación
1000–1800 mA
Tipo de vegetación
Bosque de neblina/mesófilo Caducifolious forestsA
Tipo de vegetación (notas)
Bakerantha caerulea is known from some localities in the state of Mexico and adjacent areas of Guerrero and Morelos states. Plants of this species inhabit low caducifolious forests and grow on igneous rocky soils at elevations between 1000 and 1800 m. Individuals of B. caerulea form dense colonies and are mainly found growing on cliffs and vertical walls of river canyons, or on mountain slopes near these, within the limits of the Balsas Basin and the TVB biogeographical provinces. A
Categoría IUCN
No incluidaC
Categoría NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
No incluidaD
Conservación
The EOO is 1958.9 km2, within the threshold for Endangered status under subcriterion B1, and the AOO is estimated as 40 km2, which is below the threshold for Endangered status under subcriterion B2. Bakerantha caerulea is known from only 29 collections representing 14 occurrences, and eight to 10 subpopulations, all made between 1956 and 2019. Collections in Mexico State are located near touristic areas, floriculture plots, human settlements, and along roads. Collections made in Guerrero are currently found in river canyons surrounded by large vegetation patches, but they are threatened by urbanization and livestock. On the other hand, collections from Morelos were made near human settlements where the species is threatened by urbanization and road impacts. Populations of B. caerulea occur in areas prone to threats such as urbanization, road impacts, shifting agriculture, and livestock, which will potentially destroy the original vegetation, having a negative impact on the quality of their habitat. Consequently, these 14 occurrences come from nine locations (sensu IUCN, 2019) affected by the most serious plausible threats (road impacts and urbanization). Bakerantha caerulea is therefore assigned a preliminary status of Vulnerable [VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)]. A
Discusión taxonómica
This species was described by Matuda (1965) as Niveophyllum caeruleum, from a sample that includes individuals of both sexes collected in Santo Tomás de los Plátanos in the state of Mexico (E. Matuda 37440). Initially it was located within the Liliaceae family, according to Matuda, because of the presence of floral characters similar to those in the genus Anthericum L. (now in Asparagaceae), Zigadenus Michx., and Stenanthium (A. Gray) Kunth (both transferred to Melanthiaceae). Later, this species was transferred to the bromeliad genus Hechtia by Smith (1972). In later taxonomic works, it was considered as a synonym of H. tillandsioides by Espejo-Serna et al. (2010, 2020). However, our recent phylogenetic hypothesis and species delimitation analysis support B. caerulea as a different species from B. tillandsioides (Romero-Soler et al., 2022a). Morphologically, this species is similar to B. tillandsioides with its large and dense inflorescences, and flowers with petals of similar tonality, characteristics that have possibly confused some authors. Bakerantha caerulea differs by having large caulescent rosettes with long internodes (vs. acaulescent with short internodes), sometimes giving the appearance of rhizomatous plants, and an entire leaf margin (vs. serrulate in the rest of the species in the genus). Also, the inflorescences are 3‐branched for both sexes (vs. 2- to 3-branched in males and 2-branched in females), with the largest inflorescences between 110 and 185 cm (vs. between 55 and 125 cm), whereas the flowers show campanulate corollas (vs. rotate) and cerulean petals (vs. lilac to pinkish).A
Bibliografía
A. Romero-Soler, K. J., Ramírez-Morillo, I., Hornung-Leoni, C., González Ledesma, M. & al. 2024+: A taxonomic revision of the mexican genus Bakerantha hechtioideae, Bromeliaceae). – Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 109: 1-23. – Missouri Botanical Garden. http://doi.org/10.3417/2024840
B. Romero-Soler, K. J., Ramírez-Morillo, I., Hornung-Leoni, C., González Ledesma, M. & al. 2024+: A taxonomic revision of the mexican genus Bakerantha hechtioideae, Bromeliaceae). – Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 109: 1-23. – Missouri Botanical Garden. http://doi.org/10.3417/2024840
D. SEMARNAT: MODIFICACIÓN del Anexo Normativo III, Lista de especies en riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo, publicada el 30 de diciembre de 2010. – https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5578808&fecha=14/11/2019#gsc.tab=0 [accessed 2023-12-10 15:14]