Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal) Bitter
Descripción
Perennial herb from fusiform storage roots, decumbent, ascending, to erect, 0.1–0.6 (0.9) m tall, dying back each season. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes 0.1–2 mm long, rarely intermixed with forked or dendritically branched trichomes. Stems green to purple-green, sparsely to moderately pubescent (rarely glabrate in age), sometimes compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, sometimes woody with age; first sympodial branching point monochasial or dichasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points usually monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 1.5–10.5 × 0.5–4.5 cm, the smaller ones with blades 1/4–9/10 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades obovate, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, chartaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent, the primary veins 4–7 on either side of the midvein, the base rounded to cuneate to shortly attenuate, the margin entire, usually irregularly undulate to irregularly angled, the apex rounded to acute to acuminate, the petioles 0.1–1.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels 30–190 mm and erect in flower, 54–170 mm long (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, sparsely to moderately pubescent; calyx 3–5.5 mm long, 3.5–7 mm in diameter, campanulate to obconic, moderately to densely pubescent, the margin truncate, with 10 linear appendages 2–12.5 mm long emerging 0.5–1 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 4–11 mm long, 9–22.5 mm in diameter, the appendages to 11.5 mm long; corolla 1–3.6 cm long, rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac to dark purple (very rarely white or very pale lilac), with darker purple stripes along the major veins adaxially, green and glabrous to moderately pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments of three lengths, the two shortest filaments 1–4.5 mm long, the two medium filaments 1.5–5.5 mm long, the one long filament 2.5–8.25 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.2–2 times that of the medium filaments, glabrous, the anthers 4–8.5 mm long, elliptic to ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores obovate, dehiscing distally or toward the style, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8–14.5 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round to slightly bilobed. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent or lying on the ground, 14–41.5 mm long, 11–28 mm diameter, round to ovoid, the exocarp green, sometimes with rose or tan blotches, glabrous, lacking sclerotic granules. Seeds (10) 40–139 per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate, brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.A
Forma de crecimiento
HierbaA
Forma de vida
TerrestreA
Nutrición
AutotróficaA
Ejemplar revisado
Type. Based on Solanum mozinianum Dunal.A
Tipo de vegetación
No especificadoA
Categoría IUCN
No incluidaB
Categoría NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
No incluidaC
Estatus del taxón
(A) Como definida actualmente, probablemente una entidad natural (monofilética)A
Discusión taxonómica
Lycianthes moziniana var. moziniana
Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca]: 10. 1816. Type: Painting made during the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain (1787–1803) under the direction of Martín de Sessé y Lacasta (lectotype designated by Dean 1997, pg. 196: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, catalogue number 6331.0025).
Solanum monanthum Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]. 4: 608. 1819. Type: Based on Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag.
Solanum mocinianum Dunal forma luteiflorum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 164. 1852. Type: Based on Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag.
Solanum uniflorum Moçiño & Sessé, Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 35. 1888. Type: Based on Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag.
Description. Perennial herb from fusiform storage roots, decumbent, ascending, to erect, usually recumbent with age, ca. 0.1–0.5 (0.9) m tall, dying back each season far beneath the soil surface. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes (0.1) 0.5–2 mm long, (in the state of Michoacán, these sometimes intermixed with forked or dendritically branched trichomes). Stems green to purple-green, moderately pubescent (rarely glabrate in age), compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, usually with little woody tissue; first stem (2) 5–35 (40) cm long to the first inflorescence, the internodes (3) 6–14 (21); first sympodial branching point usually dichasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points usually monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 2–10.5 × 0.8–4.2 cm, the smaller ones with blades 1/4–7/8 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades obovate, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, chartaceous, moderately pubescent, the primary veins 5–7 on either side of the midvein, the base rounded to cuneate, the margin entire, usually undulate to irregularly angled, the apex rounded to acute, the petioles 0.1–0.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels (30) 50–150 (180) mm and erect in flower, 54–170 mm long (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, moderately pubescent with trichomes of two distinct lengths, the smaller 0.1–0.3 mm and appressed, the longer 0.5–1.5 mm and mostly spreading, rarely only the longer trichomes present; calyx 3–5.5 mm long, 3.5–7 mm in diameter, campanulate, densely pubescent, the margin truncate, with 10 linear, lax appendages laying closely against the corolla 2–10 mm long emerging ca. 0.5–1 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 4–11 mm long, 9–22.5 mm in diameter, the appendages appressed to fruit, often broken, to 11.5 mm long; corolla 1.3–3.6 cm long (2.9–6.8 cm in diameter), rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac to dark purple (very rarely white or very pale lilac), with darker purple stripes along the major veins adaxially, green and moderately pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments of three lengths, the two shortest filaments 1–4.5 mm long, the two medium filaments 1.5–5.5 mm long, the one long filament (2.5) 3–8.25 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.2–2 times that of the medium filaments, glabrous, the anthers 4.5–8.5 mm long, elliptic to ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores obovate, dehiscing distally or toward the style, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8–14.5 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round to slightly bilobed. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent or lying on the ground, 14–41.5 mm long, 12–28 mm diameter, round to ovoid, the exocarp green, glabrous, the mesocarp area green, soft and juicy, lacking sclerotic granules, placental area green, soft and juicy. Seeds (10) 40–139 per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
Chromosome number. 2n = 24 (Williams 1993); 2n = 24, Dean 300, 306 (Dean 2004).
Distribution and habitat. Mexico (Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, perhaps Zacatecas), mainly restricted to the volcanic soils of the transvolcanic belt in disturbed areas such as pastures, agricultural fields, along paths and roadsides, and in clearings in xerophilous schrub, oak and coniferous forest, 1600–3000 m in elevation.
Common names and uses. Mexico. Berenjena, berenjito, chumpin, chimpina, huevo de gato, tintolón, tilindon, tlanoxtle, tlanochtle, tlalnonochtle, shimpe, tilapó, tochin, la chichi, chochocuero, coyotomate, purga de las animas, xipes, mazatlatlaixtli (Dean 2004). Used medicinally as a purgative in the state of México (Altimirano 72).
Phenology. Flowering specimens have been collected June to October; specimens with mature fruit have been collected September to December. The first author observed in the field that the corollas open in the very early morning and close by noon. The pollen of this variety has a sweet scent. Solitary bees in the genus Thygator visit this species (Dean 2001).
Preliminary conservation status. Lycianthes moziniana var. moziniana is a common variety of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of Mexico, represented by 181 collections and occurring in 12 Mexican protected areas. The EOO is 264,912.814 km2, and the AOO is 688 km2. Based on the IUCN (2019) criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Least Concern (LC).
Discussion. Lycianthes moziniana var. moziniana is separated from closely related taxa by its combination of green fruits, small smooth seeds (without fibrils on cell walls), a tendency toward having only one dichasial or no dichasial branching points, very elongate pedicels, and abaxially pubescent corolla lobes. Variety moziniana is separated from the other varieties of the species in having fruiting calyx teeth that are lax in flower and stay appressed to the fruit, cuneate (rather than attenuate) leaf bases, relatively dense and long stem and leaf pubescence, consistently pubescent abaxial corolla lobes, and an affinity for the soils of the transvolcanic belt (Dean 2004). This “weedy” variety has had an intimate relationship with the people of Mexico and may owe its current distribution to humans, who are probably its primary dispersal agents. The fruit of L. moziniana var. moziniana is edible and in past decades was gathered for sale at markets. Some researchers believe this variety was once a domesticated plant that has since reverted to a weed of agricultural areas (Williams 1993). It persists under traditional agricultural practices by sprouting from its underground root system as well as from seed dispersed by humans (Williams 1993). With the advent of herbicide usage in agricultural fields, changes in field preparation techniques, and lack of usage by humans, this once plentiful variety is becoming rare in Mexico (Dean 2004). In some areas of Jalisco and Michoacán, where this variety grows with L. rzedowskii or L. acapulcensis, plants with intermediate trichome, leaf and floral color characteristics have been collected or observed. Limited crossing experiments indicate that L. moziniana var. moziniana is capable of crossing with L. moziniana var. oaxacana, although with reduced fertility; crosses between this variety and mature accessions of L. moziniana var. margaretiana have not yet been performed (Dean 2004).
Representative specimens examined. Mexico. Distrito Federal: Limbo, delegación de Álvaro Obregón, [19.3247, -99.2633], 2700 m, 4 Aug 1979, Á. Ventura A. 3477 (ENCB, F, MEX). Durango: 1 km al noroeste de Santa María Ocotán, Mezquital, [24.1, -104.6], 13 Jul 1984, M. González Espinosa 1378 (MEXU). Hidalgo: Mpio. Acatlán, small town of Los Reyes, ca. 9 rd. mi from Acatlán, along road to Huasca, NW of Tulancingo, [20.1888, -98.4489], 7200 ft, 21 Sep 1991, E. Dean 259 (DAV, IEB). Jalisco: 1 km al suroeste de Nueva Colonia, Santa Catarina, [22.1554, -104.1165], 2200 m, 20 Jul 1992, J.J. Reynoso-Dueñas 929 (IBUG, IEB). México: Valle de México, Cuajimalpa a Río Hondo, [19.4315, -99.2919], 2400 m, 9 Sep 1951, Matuda 21819 (MEXU). Michoacán: lado sureste del Cerro El Aguila, subiendo por el poblado de Huatzanguio, 19.6064, -101.3792, 2530 m, 14 Aug 2008, G. Cornejo-Tenorio 2840 (IEB). Nayarit: Sierra Madre, territory of Tepic, between Sta. Gertrudis and Sta. Teresa, [21.7167, -104.7333], 8 Aug 1897, Rose 2068 (GH). Puebla: Mpio. Xochiapulco, Rosa Chica, en un sitio llamado El Plan, cerca de la escuela primaria, 19.7950, -97.6568, 2041 m, 25 Jun 2015, M. Jiménez -Chimil 30760 (DAV). Querétaro: El Picacho, desviación San Pedro Tenango, 3 km al sureste de Amealco, [20.1374, -100.1152], 2650 m, 20 Jul 2003, V. Serrano-Serrano 121 (IEB). San Luis Potosí: chiefly in the region of San Luis Potosí, 6000–8000 ft, 1878, Parry 662 (GH, MO, NY [the K duplicate of this collection number is L. moziniana var. margaretiana]). Tlaxcala: Mpio. Espanita, 0.95 rd mi from intersection with Hwy 136, along road to Espanita, [19.4931, -98.4599], 8920 ft, 28 Oct 1991, E. Dean 302 (DAV). Veracruz: camino a Zacatonal, 18.7869, -97.2767, 9 Jul 2013, A.F. Vargas-Rueda 637 (MEXU). Zacatecas: 2 km al oeste de Monte Escobedo, 22.3253, -103.5829, 2376 m, 28 Aug 2005, A. Rodríguez 4462 (IBUG).
Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal) Bitter var. margaretiana E.Dean, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145: 413. 2004
Type. Mexico. Nuevo León: Mpio. Zaragoza, Cerro El Viejo, 2085 m, 17 Jun 1993, Hinton et al. 22937 (holotype: DAV [DAV155246]; isotypes: GBH [GBH022937], TEX [00208090], XAL [XAL0106696]).
Description. Perennial herb, from fusiform storage roots, erect, 0.1–0.6 m tall, dying back each season. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes 0.1–1.5 mm long, these often of two distinct lengths, the shorter more numerous, 0.1–0.25 mm long and appressed, the longer less numerous, 0.5–1.5 mm long and spreading. Stems green to purple-green, sparsely to moderately pubescent, compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, usually with very little woody tissue except at the base; first stem 9–30 cm long to the first inflorescence, internodes (3) 6–14 ; first sympodial branching point usually dichasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points usually monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 1.5–10 × 0.5–4.5 cm, the smaller ones with blades 1/3–9/10 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades ovate, elliptic, or obovate, chartaceous, sparsely pubescent with trichomes similar to those of the stem, the primary veins 4–6 on either side of the midvein, the base cuneate, attenuate onto the petiole, the margin entire, usually irregularly undulate, the apex rounded to acute, the petioles to 1.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels 30–130 (190) mm and erect in flower, 60–100 mm (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, often looped or curved, moderately pubescent with trichomes of two distinct lengths, the smaller 0.1–0.3 mm and appressed-retrorse, the longer 0.5–1.5 mm and mostly spreading (slightly retrorse), rarely only the longer trichomes present; calyx 3–5 mm long, 4–7 mm in diameter, campanulate (conic), moderately pubescent (densest on the ribs), the margin truncate, with 10 linear, slightly spreading appendages 3–8 (12.5) mm long emerging ca. 0.5 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 8–9 mm long, 16–17.5 mm in diameter, the teeth spreading slightly, often broken, 3.5–9 mm long; corolla 1–2.8 cm long (2–4.6 cm in diameter), rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac, with darker purple stripes on the major veins adaxially, green and glabrous to very sparsely pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments unequal, the two shortest filaments 2–3 mm long, the two medium filaments 2–3.5 mm long, the one long filament 2.5–5.5 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.5–2 times the length of the medium filaments, gla brous to pubescent; anthers 4–5 (6) mm long, elliptic to ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores ovate, dehiscing distally, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 9–12 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round to slightly bilobed. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent, 22–30 mm long, 11–19 mm in diameter, ovoid, the exocarp green with rose or tan blotches, glabrous, the mesocarp soft, juicy, lacking sclerotic granules, the placental area variable in texture, sometimes green and juicy, other times purplish and slightly powdery. Seeds ca. 50–100 per fruit per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate, brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
Chromosome number. Unknown.
Distribution and habitat. Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico (Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí), in oak and pine forest that may be mixed with xerophilous scrub, on limestone soils, 900–2700 m in elevation.
Common names and uses. None known.
Phenology. Flowering specimens have been collected July and August (May in Tamaulipus); mature fruits of Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana have not yet been collected from the field. As discussed below, intermediates between L. moziniana var. margaretiana and Lycianthes ciliolata are known from several locations, and specimens with mature fruits have been collected from those populations in November and December. The diurnal corolla movements of this variety were observed in the greenhouse by the first author; the corolla opens in the very early morning and close by late morning. The pollen has a sweet scent.
Preliminary conservation status. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana is an uncommon variety of the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico, represented by 19 collections, two of which are from the protected area of the Sierra de Álvarez. The EOO is 36,938.334 km2, and the AOO is 76 km2. Based on the IUCN (2019) criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Near Threatened (NT).
Discussion. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana is closely related to L. moziniana var. oaxacana E. Dean based on DNA sequence data, and it shares the attenuate leaf bases and spreading calyx teeth (in fruit) of that variety. However, its distribution is disjunct from var. oaxacana and presumably the two varieties have been separated for quite some time. Variety margaretiana has several characteristics that differ from the other two varieties of L. moziniana: 1) upon maturity, the fruit exocarp can have tan or purple patches of color; 2) the placental area of the fruits may be purple, sometimes even of a powdery texture similar to the fruits of L. ciliolata; 3) the pollen is somewhat larger than that of the other two varieties; 4) the stamen filaments can sometimes be pubescent; 5) the abaxial sides of the corolla lobes can sometimes be glabrous; and 6) this variety does not appear to be a weed of agricultural situations (Dean 2004).
The fruits of L. moziniana var. margaretiana in Nuevo León are green with tan or rose blotches with seeds typical in shape and size for L. moziniana var. moziniana. The placental area of the Nuevo León fruits can be intermediate between L. moziniana var. moziniana and L. ciliolata. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana may be an evolutionary transition between L. ciliolata and L. moziniana var. moziniana. Intermediates between var. margaretiana and L. ciliolata are found in San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Querétaro. The intermediate plants resemble var. margaretiana in vegetative and floral characters, however the branching pattern and pollen morphology are intermediate between the two taxa. The fruits of the intermediates are large, up to 50 mm long, the exocarp is rose-colored with the grainy light purple placental area typical of L. ciliolata, but the fruit shape and the shape of the fruiting calyx is that of L. moziniana var. margaretiana. Finally, the seeds of the intermediates have the texture and shape of L. moziniana var. margaretiana but are much larger (4–5 mm long) than usually found in that variety. More study is needed to understand the relationship between L. moziniana var. margaretiana and L. ciliolata in northern Mexico (Dean 2004).
Representative specimens examined. Mexico. Nuevo León: Mpio. Galeana, E of the town of Pablillo, San Francisco Canyon, [24.5666, -99.9666], 4 Sep 1993, Dean 360 (DAV, XAL, ANSM). Querétaro: aproximadamente al oeste de La Veracruz, carretera a San Joaquín, 20.9008, -99.5311, 2350 m, 6 Jul 2002, E. Carranza 6365 (DAV, IEB, IBUG). San Luis Potosí: Hwy 86, 25 mi from Juárez Circle, beyond Xoconostle, 22.2, -100.9667, 9000 ft, 5 Jul 1971, M. Andreasen 544 (MO).
Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal) Bitter var. oaxacana E.Dean, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145: 415. 2004
Type. Mexico. Oaxaca: Mpio. Santa María Jaltianguis, along hwy 175, ca. 5.0–7.2 rd mi N of Ixtlán de Juárez, N of turnoff to Sta. María Jaltianguis, W side of road, downslope along footpaths, 2439 m, 11 Oct 1991, E. Dean 285 (holotype: DAV [DAV172076]; isotypes: NY [00687932], XAL [XAL0106697]).
Description. Perennial herb from fusiform roots, usually erect, ca. 0.1–0.4 m tall, dying back each season. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes 0.1–1 mm long, these often of two distinct lengths, the shorter more numerous, 0.1–0.25 mm long and appressed retrorse, the longer less numerous, 0.5–1 mm long and spreading, some populations lacking the longer trichomes. Stems green to purple-green, sparsely to moderately pubescent, only the youngest stems compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, woody with age; first stem 2.5–25 cm long to the first inflorescence, internodes 3–8, the first sympodial branching point dichasial or monochasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 2.5–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, the smaller ones with blades 3/4 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades ovate to obovate, chartaceous, the primary veins 4–6 on either side of the midvein, the base rounded to cuneate to shortly attenuate onto the petiole, the margin entire, usually irregularly undulate, the apex acute to acuminate, the petioles 0.5–1.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels 50–140 mm and erect in flower, 50–90 mm long (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, sparsely to moderately pubescent with trichomes of two distinct lengths, the smaller 0.1–0.25 mm long and appressed-retrorse, the longer 0.5–1 mm long and spreading; calyx 4–5 mm long, 4–5.5 mm in diameter, campanulate, the ribs pubescent with spreading trichomes, the margin truncate, with 10 linear, slightly spreading appendages 2–10 mm long emerging ca. 0.5 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 5.5–9 mm long, 11–15 mm diameter, the appendages spreading slightly, not lax, often broken, 7–10 mm long; corolla 1.2–2.3 cm long (2.3–4.5 cm in diameter), rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac, with darker purple stripes along the major veins adaxially, green and moderately pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments unequal, the two shortest filaments 1.5–3 mm long, the two medium filaments 2–3.5 mm long, the one long filament 3–5.5 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.5–2 times the length of the medium filaments, glabrous; anthers 4–5.5 mm, ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores ovate, dehiscing distally, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8–12 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent, 22–28 mm long, 13–17 mm diameter, ovoid, the exocarp green, glabrous, the mesocarp and placental area soft and juicy, lacking sclerotic granules, the placental area soft and juicy. Seeds ca. 50–90 per fruit per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate, brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
Chromosome number. Unknown.
Distribution and habitat. Mexico (Oaxaca), in oak, oak-pine, and pine forest, typically found in anthropogenically disturbed habitats such as roadsides, pastures, old fields and corn fields, 2100–2900 m in elevation.
Common names and uses. Mexico. Oaxaca: chichi de venado (Dean 2004).
Phenology. Flowering specimens have been collected June to July; specimens with mature fruits have been collected in October. The first author observed in the field that the corollas open in the very early morning and close by late morning. The pollen of this variety has a sweet scent.
Preliminary conservation status. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana is an uncommon variety of Oaxaca, Mexico, represented by 19 collections, none of which are from protected areas. The EOO is 12,876.905 km2, and the AOO is 72 km2. Based on the IUCN (2019) criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Vulnerable (VU).
Discussion. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana differs from var. moziniana in having spreading calyx appendages in fruit and in having attenuate leaf bases. It is closely related to L. moziniana var. margaretiana (a northern variety found in the Sierra Madre Oriental) based on unpublished DNA sequence data, however it differs from var. margaretiana in lacking tan or purple blotches on the fruit exocarp, not having a purple, powdery placental area, and in always having glabrous stamen filaments (Dean 2004). This variety was described from the Sierra de Juárez in Oaxaca. Since that time, many more populations of L. moziniana var. oaxacana have been discovered in Oaxaca, and it is possible that some of them are the more widespread var. moziniana. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana is similar to L. ciliolata, with which it overlaps in distribution. It differs from L. ciliolata in having pubescence on the abaxial side of the corolla lobes (versus no pubescence), having the length of the longest stamen filament 1.5–2 times the length of the medium filaments (vs 1.5–3 times), having trichomes of two distinct lengths on the pedicels (vs trichomes of one length), and having tricolporate pollen grains (vs grains with two pores and a remnant third pore) (Dean 2004).
Representative specimen examined. Mexico. Oaxaca: Llano de las flores, on the Oaxaca-Valle Nacional Highway, 20 km E of Ixtlán, 2870 m, 22 Jul 1960, J. Beaman
3703 (GH, LL).
A
Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca]: 10. 1816. Type: Painting made during the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain (1787–1803) under the direction of Martín de Sessé y Lacasta (lectotype designated by Dean 1997, pg. 196: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, catalogue number 6331.0025).
Solanum monanthum Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]. 4: 608. 1819. Type: Based on Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag.
Solanum mocinianum Dunal forma luteiflorum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 164. 1852. Type: Based on Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag.
Solanum uniflorum Moçiño & Sessé, Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 35. 1888. Type: Based on Solanum uniflorum Sessé ex Lag.
Description. Perennial herb from fusiform storage roots, decumbent, ascending, to erect, usually recumbent with age, ca. 0.1–0.5 (0.9) m tall, dying back each season far beneath the soil surface. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes (0.1) 0.5–2 mm long, (in the state of Michoacán, these sometimes intermixed with forked or dendritically branched trichomes). Stems green to purple-green, moderately pubescent (rarely glabrate in age), compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, usually with little woody tissue; first stem (2) 5–35 (40) cm long to the first inflorescence, the internodes (3) 6–14 (21); first sympodial branching point usually dichasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points usually monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 2–10.5 × 0.8–4.2 cm, the smaller ones with blades 1/4–7/8 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades obovate, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, chartaceous, moderately pubescent, the primary veins 5–7 on either side of the midvein, the base rounded to cuneate, the margin entire, usually undulate to irregularly angled, the apex rounded to acute, the petioles 0.1–0.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels (30) 50–150 (180) mm and erect in flower, 54–170 mm long (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, moderately pubescent with trichomes of two distinct lengths, the smaller 0.1–0.3 mm and appressed, the longer 0.5–1.5 mm and mostly spreading, rarely only the longer trichomes present; calyx 3–5.5 mm long, 3.5–7 mm in diameter, campanulate, densely pubescent, the margin truncate, with 10 linear, lax appendages laying closely against the corolla 2–10 mm long emerging ca. 0.5–1 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 4–11 mm long, 9–22.5 mm in diameter, the appendages appressed to fruit, often broken, to 11.5 mm long; corolla 1.3–3.6 cm long (2.9–6.8 cm in diameter), rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac to dark purple (very rarely white or very pale lilac), with darker purple stripes along the major veins adaxially, green and moderately pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments of three lengths, the two shortest filaments 1–4.5 mm long, the two medium filaments 1.5–5.5 mm long, the one long filament (2.5) 3–8.25 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.2–2 times that of the medium filaments, glabrous, the anthers 4.5–8.5 mm long, elliptic to ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores obovate, dehiscing distally or toward the style, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8–14.5 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round to slightly bilobed. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent or lying on the ground, 14–41.5 mm long, 12–28 mm diameter, round to ovoid, the exocarp green, glabrous, the mesocarp area green, soft and juicy, lacking sclerotic granules, placental area green, soft and juicy. Seeds (10) 40–139 per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
Chromosome number. 2n = 24 (Williams 1993); 2n = 24, Dean 300, 306 (Dean 2004).
Distribution and habitat. Mexico (Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, perhaps Zacatecas), mainly restricted to the volcanic soils of the transvolcanic belt in disturbed areas such as pastures, agricultural fields, along paths and roadsides, and in clearings in xerophilous schrub, oak and coniferous forest, 1600–3000 m in elevation.
Common names and uses. Mexico. Berenjena, berenjito, chumpin, chimpina, huevo de gato, tintolón, tilindon, tlanoxtle, tlanochtle, tlalnonochtle, shimpe, tilapó, tochin, la chichi, chochocuero, coyotomate, purga de las animas, xipes, mazatlatlaixtli (Dean 2004). Used medicinally as a purgative in the state of México (Altimirano 72).
Phenology. Flowering specimens have been collected June to October; specimens with mature fruit have been collected September to December. The first author observed in the field that the corollas open in the very early morning and close by noon. The pollen of this variety has a sweet scent. Solitary bees in the genus Thygator visit this species (Dean 2001).
Preliminary conservation status. Lycianthes moziniana var. moziniana is a common variety of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of Mexico, represented by 181 collections and occurring in 12 Mexican protected areas. The EOO is 264,912.814 km2, and the AOO is 688 km2. Based on the IUCN (2019) criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Least Concern (LC).
Discussion. Lycianthes moziniana var. moziniana is separated from closely related taxa by its combination of green fruits, small smooth seeds (without fibrils on cell walls), a tendency toward having only one dichasial or no dichasial branching points, very elongate pedicels, and abaxially pubescent corolla lobes. Variety moziniana is separated from the other varieties of the species in having fruiting calyx teeth that are lax in flower and stay appressed to the fruit, cuneate (rather than attenuate) leaf bases, relatively dense and long stem and leaf pubescence, consistently pubescent abaxial corolla lobes, and an affinity for the soils of the transvolcanic belt (Dean 2004). This “weedy” variety has had an intimate relationship with the people of Mexico and may owe its current distribution to humans, who are probably its primary dispersal agents. The fruit of L. moziniana var. moziniana is edible and in past decades was gathered for sale at markets. Some researchers believe this variety was once a domesticated plant that has since reverted to a weed of agricultural areas (Williams 1993). It persists under traditional agricultural practices by sprouting from its underground root system as well as from seed dispersed by humans (Williams 1993). With the advent of herbicide usage in agricultural fields, changes in field preparation techniques, and lack of usage by humans, this once plentiful variety is becoming rare in Mexico (Dean 2004). In some areas of Jalisco and Michoacán, where this variety grows with L. rzedowskii or L. acapulcensis, plants with intermediate trichome, leaf and floral color characteristics have been collected or observed. Limited crossing experiments indicate that L. moziniana var. moziniana is capable of crossing with L. moziniana var. oaxacana, although with reduced fertility; crosses between this variety and mature accessions of L. moziniana var. margaretiana have not yet been performed (Dean 2004).
Representative specimens examined. Mexico. Distrito Federal: Limbo, delegación de Álvaro Obregón, [19.3247, -99.2633], 2700 m, 4 Aug 1979, Á. Ventura A. 3477 (ENCB, F, MEX). Durango: 1 km al noroeste de Santa María Ocotán, Mezquital, [24.1, -104.6], 13 Jul 1984, M. González Espinosa 1378 (MEXU). Hidalgo: Mpio. Acatlán, small town of Los Reyes, ca. 9 rd. mi from Acatlán, along road to Huasca, NW of Tulancingo, [20.1888, -98.4489], 7200 ft, 21 Sep 1991, E. Dean 259 (DAV, IEB). Jalisco: 1 km al suroeste de Nueva Colonia, Santa Catarina, [22.1554, -104.1165], 2200 m, 20 Jul 1992, J.J. Reynoso-Dueñas 929 (IBUG, IEB). México: Valle de México, Cuajimalpa a Río Hondo, [19.4315, -99.2919], 2400 m, 9 Sep 1951, Matuda 21819 (MEXU). Michoacán: lado sureste del Cerro El Aguila, subiendo por el poblado de Huatzanguio, 19.6064, -101.3792, 2530 m, 14 Aug 2008, G. Cornejo-Tenorio 2840 (IEB). Nayarit: Sierra Madre, territory of Tepic, between Sta. Gertrudis and Sta. Teresa, [21.7167, -104.7333], 8 Aug 1897, Rose 2068 (GH). Puebla: Mpio. Xochiapulco, Rosa Chica, en un sitio llamado El Plan, cerca de la escuela primaria, 19.7950, -97.6568, 2041 m, 25 Jun 2015, M. Jiménez -Chimil 30760 (DAV). Querétaro: El Picacho, desviación San Pedro Tenango, 3 km al sureste de Amealco, [20.1374, -100.1152], 2650 m, 20 Jul 2003, V. Serrano-Serrano 121 (IEB). San Luis Potosí: chiefly in the region of San Luis Potosí, 6000–8000 ft, 1878, Parry 662 (GH, MO, NY [the K duplicate of this collection number is L. moziniana var. margaretiana]). Tlaxcala: Mpio. Espanita, 0.95 rd mi from intersection with Hwy 136, along road to Espanita, [19.4931, -98.4599], 8920 ft, 28 Oct 1991, E. Dean 302 (DAV). Veracruz: camino a Zacatonal, 18.7869, -97.2767, 9 Jul 2013, A.F. Vargas-Rueda 637 (MEXU). Zacatecas: 2 km al oeste de Monte Escobedo, 22.3253, -103.5829, 2376 m, 28 Aug 2005, A. Rodríguez 4462 (IBUG).
Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal) Bitter var. margaretiana E.Dean, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145: 413. 2004
Type. Mexico. Nuevo León: Mpio. Zaragoza, Cerro El Viejo, 2085 m, 17 Jun 1993, Hinton et al. 22937 (holotype: DAV [DAV155246]; isotypes: GBH [GBH022937], TEX [00208090], XAL [XAL0106696]).
Description. Perennial herb, from fusiform storage roots, erect, 0.1–0.6 m tall, dying back each season. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes 0.1–1.5 mm long, these often of two distinct lengths, the shorter more numerous, 0.1–0.25 mm long and appressed, the longer less numerous, 0.5–1.5 mm long and spreading. Stems green to purple-green, sparsely to moderately pubescent, compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, usually with very little woody tissue except at the base; first stem 9–30 cm long to the first inflorescence, internodes (3) 6–14 ; first sympodial branching point usually dichasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points usually monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 1.5–10 × 0.5–4.5 cm, the smaller ones with blades 1/3–9/10 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades ovate, elliptic, or obovate, chartaceous, sparsely pubescent with trichomes similar to those of the stem, the primary veins 4–6 on either side of the midvein, the base cuneate, attenuate onto the petiole, the margin entire, usually irregularly undulate, the apex rounded to acute, the petioles to 1.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels 30–130 (190) mm and erect in flower, 60–100 mm (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, often looped or curved, moderately pubescent with trichomes of two distinct lengths, the smaller 0.1–0.3 mm and appressed-retrorse, the longer 0.5–1.5 mm and mostly spreading (slightly retrorse), rarely only the longer trichomes present; calyx 3–5 mm long, 4–7 mm in diameter, campanulate (conic), moderately pubescent (densest on the ribs), the margin truncate, with 10 linear, slightly spreading appendages 3–8 (12.5) mm long emerging ca. 0.5 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 8–9 mm long, 16–17.5 mm in diameter, the teeth spreading slightly, often broken, 3.5–9 mm long; corolla 1–2.8 cm long (2–4.6 cm in diameter), rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac, with darker purple stripes on the major veins adaxially, green and glabrous to very sparsely pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments unequal, the two shortest filaments 2–3 mm long, the two medium filaments 2–3.5 mm long, the one long filament 2.5–5.5 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.5–2 times the length of the medium filaments, gla brous to pubescent; anthers 4–5 (6) mm long, elliptic to ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores ovate, dehiscing distally, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 9–12 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round to slightly bilobed. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent, 22–30 mm long, 11–19 mm in diameter, ovoid, the exocarp green with rose or tan blotches, glabrous, the mesocarp soft, juicy, lacking sclerotic granules, the placental area variable in texture, sometimes green and juicy, other times purplish and slightly powdery. Seeds ca. 50–100 per fruit per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate, brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
Chromosome number. Unknown.
Distribution and habitat. Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico (Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí), in oak and pine forest that may be mixed with xerophilous scrub, on limestone soils, 900–2700 m in elevation.
Common names and uses. None known.
Phenology. Flowering specimens have been collected July and August (May in Tamaulipus); mature fruits of Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana have not yet been collected from the field. As discussed below, intermediates between L. moziniana var. margaretiana and Lycianthes ciliolata are known from several locations, and specimens with mature fruits have been collected from those populations in November and December. The diurnal corolla movements of this variety were observed in the greenhouse by the first author; the corolla opens in the very early morning and close by late morning. The pollen has a sweet scent.
Preliminary conservation status. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana is an uncommon variety of the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico, represented by 19 collections, two of which are from the protected area of the Sierra de Álvarez. The EOO is 36,938.334 km2, and the AOO is 76 km2. Based on the IUCN (2019) criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Near Threatened (NT).
Discussion. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana is closely related to L. moziniana var. oaxacana E. Dean based on DNA sequence data, and it shares the attenuate leaf bases and spreading calyx teeth (in fruit) of that variety. However, its distribution is disjunct from var. oaxacana and presumably the two varieties have been separated for quite some time. Variety margaretiana has several characteristics that differ from the other two varieties of L. moziniana: 1) upon maturity, the fruit exocarp can have tan or purple patches of color; 2) the placental area of the fruits may be purple, sometimes even of a powdery texture similar to the fruits of L. ciliolata; 3) the pollen is somewhat larger than that of the other two varieties; 4) the stamen filaments can sometimes be pubescent; 5) the abaxial sides of the corolla lobes can sometimes be glabrous; and 6) this variety does not appear to be a weed of agricultural situations (Dean 2004).
The fruits of L. moziniana var. margaretiana in Nuevo León are green with tan or rose blotches with seeds typical in shape and size for L. moziniana var. moziniana. The placental area of the Nuevo León fruits can be intermediate between L. moziniana var. moziniana and L. ciliolata. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana may be an evolutionary transition between L. ciliolata and L. moziniana var. moziniana. Intermediates between var. margaretiana and L. ciliolata are found in San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Querétaro. The intermediate plants resemble var. margaretiana in vegetative and floral characters, however the branching pattern and pollen morphology are intermediate between the two taxa. The fruits of the intermediates are large, up to 50 mm long, the exocarp is rose-colored with the grainy light purple placental area typical of L. ciliolata, but the fruit shape and the shape of the fruiting calyx is that of L. moziniana var. margaretiana. Finally, the seeds of the intermediates have the texture and shape of L. moziniana var. margaretiana but are much larger (4–5 mm long) than usually found in that variety. More study is needed to understand the relationship between L. moziniana var. margaretiana and L. ciliolata in northern Mexico (Dean 2004).
Representative specimens examined. Mexico. Nuevo León: Mpio. Galeana, E of the town of Pablillo, San Francisco Canyon, [24.5666, -99.9666], 4 Sep 1993, Dean 360 (DAV, XAL, ANSM). Querétaro: aproximadamente al oeste de La Veracruz, carretera a San Joaquín, 20.9008, -99.5311, 2350 m, 6 Jul 2002, E. Carranza 6365 (DAV, IEB, IBUG). San Luis Potosí: Hwy 86, 25 mi from Juárez Circle, beyond Xoconostle, 22.2, -100.9667, 9000 ft, 5 Jul 1971, M. Andreasen 544 (MO).
Lycianthes moziniana (Dunal) Bitter var. oaxacana E.Dean, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145: 415. 2004
Type. Mexico. Oaxaca: Mpio. Santa María Jaltianguis, along hwy 175, ca. 5.0–7.2 rd mi N of Ixtlán de Juárez, N of turnoff to Sta. María Jaltianguis, W side of road, downslope along footpaths, 2439 m, 11 Oct 1991, E. Dean 285 (holotype: DAV [DAV172076]; isotypes: NY [00687932], XAL [XAL0106697]).
Description. Perennial herb from fusiform roots, usually erect, ca. 0.1–0.4 m tall, dying back each season. Indument of white, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, spreading to appressed trichomes 0.1–1 mm long, these often of two distinct lengths, the shorter more numerous, 0.1–0.25 mm long and appressed retrorse, the longer less numerous, 0.5–1 mm long and spreading, some populations lacking the longer trichomes. Stems green to purple-green, sparsely to moderately pubescent, only the youngest stems compressed and ribbed when dried in a plant press, woody with age; first stem 2.5–25 cm long to the first inflorescence, internodes 3–8, the first sympodial branching point dichasial or monochasial, the subsequent sympodial branching points monochasial. Leaves simple, those of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 2.5–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, the smaller ones with blades 3/4 the size of the larger, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades ovate to obovate, chartaceous, the primary veins 4–6 on either side of the midvein, the base rounded to cuneate to shortly attenuate onto the petiole, the margin entire, usually irregularly undulate, the apex acute to acuminate, the petioles 0.5–1.5 cm long, sometimes absent. Flowers solitary, axillary, oriented horizontally; peduncles absent; pedicels 50–140 mm and erect in flower, 50–90 mm long (probably longer) and deflexed in fruit, sparsely to moderately pubescent with trichomes of two distinct lengths, the smaller 0.1–0.25 mm long and appressed-retrorse, the longer 0.5–1 mm long and spreading; calyx 4–5 mm long, 4–5.5 mm in diameter, campanulate, the ribs pubescent with spreading trichomes, the margin truncate, with 10 linear, slightly spreading appendages 2–10 mm long emerging ca. 0.5 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, 5.5–9 mm long, 11–15 mm diameter, the appendages spreading slightly, not lax, often broken, 7–10 mm long; corolla 1.2–2.3 cm long (2.3–4.5 cm in diameter), rotate in orientation, mostly entire in outline (with shallow notches), with abundant interpetalar tissue, lilac, with darker purple stripes along the major veins adaxially, green and moderately pubescent near the major veins abaxially; stamens unequal, straight, the filaments unequal, the two shortest filaments 1.5–3 mm long, the two medium filaments 2–3.5 mm long, the one long filament 3–5.5 mm long, the length of the longest filament 1.5–2 times the length of the medium filaments, glabrous; anthers 4–5.5 mm, ovate, free of one another, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores ovate, dehiscing distally, not opening into longitudinal slits; pollen grains tricolporate; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8–12 mm, linear, straight to slightly curved, glabrous, the stigma round. Fruit a berry, remaining attached to calyx at maturity, pendent, 22–28 mm long, 13–17 mm diameter, ovoid, the exocarp green, glabrous, the mesocarp and placental area soft and juicy, lacking sclerotic granules, the placental area soft and juicy. Seeds ca. 50–90 per fruit per fruit, 2.3–2.8 × 1.7–2.5 mm, rounded, slightly compressed, reniform to depressed-obovate, brownish-black, the surface reticulum with minute serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
Chromosome number. Unknown.
Distribution and habitat. Mexico (Oaxaca), in oak, oak-pine, and pine forest, typically found in anthropogenically disturbed habitats such as roadsides, pastures, old fields and corn fields, 2100–2900 m in elevation.
Common names and uses. Mexico. Oaxaca: chichi de venado (Dean 2004).
Phenology. Flowering specimens have been collected June to July; specimens with mature fruits have been collected in October. The first author observed in the field that the corollas open in the very early morning and close by late morning. The pollen of this variety has a sweet scent.
Preliminary conservation status. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana is an uncommon variety of Oaxaca, Mexico, represented by 19 collections, none of which are from protected areas. The EOO is 12,876.905 km2, and the AOO is 72 km2. Based on the IUCN (2019) criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Vulnerable (VU).
Discussion. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana differs from var. moziniana in having spreading calyx appendages in fruit and in having attenuate leaf bases. It is closely related to L. moziniana var. margaretiana (a northern variety found in the Sierra Madre Oriental) based on unpublished DNA sequence data, however it differs from var. margaretiana in lacking tan or purple blotches on the fruit exocarp, not having a purple, powdery placental area, and in always having glabrous stamen filaments (Dean 2004). This variety was described from the Sierra de Juárez in Oaxaca. Since that time, many more populations of L. moziniana var. oaxacana have been discovered in Oaxaca, and it is possible that some of them are the more widespread var. moziniana. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana is similar to L. ciliolata, with which it overlaps in distribution. It differs from L. ciliolata in having pubescence on the abaxial side of the corolla lobes (versus no pubescence), having the length of the longest stamen filament 1.5–2 times the length of the medium filaments (vs 1.5–3 times), having trichomes of two distinct lengths on the pedicels (vs trichomes of one length), and having tricolporate pollen grains (vs grains with two pores and a remnant third pore) (Dean 2004).
Representative specimen examined. Mexico. Oaxaca: Llano de las flores, on the Oaxaca-Valle Nacional Highway, 20 km E of Ixtlán, 2870 m, 22 Jul 1960, J. Beaman
3703 (GH, LL).
A
Bibliografía
A. Dean, E., Poore, E., Anguiano-Constante, M. A., Nee, M. H., Kang, H., Starbuck, T., Rodrígues, A. & Conner, M. 2020: The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala. – PhytoKeys 168: 1- 333
C. SEMARNAT 2019: MODIFICACIÓN del Anexo Normativo III, Lista de especies en riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010: 101 pp. – https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5578808&fecha=14/11/2019#gsc.tab=0 [accessed 2023-05-04 06:16]
D. Dean, E. 2001: The post-anthesis floral biology of Lycianthes series Meizonodontae (Solanaceae): variation in filament elongation, anther dehiscence, floral movement, and corolla growth. In: van den Berg R, BArendse G, van der Weerden G, Maríani C (Eds) Solanaceae V, Advances in Taxonomy and Utilization. Nijmegen University Press, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 137-151