Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples
Descripción
Perennial woody vines or lianas; roots tuberous; sap clear or white. Stems reddish, winged, the older Woody portions spirally longitudinally striate, to at least 5 mm diam., glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Leaves simple; blades narrowly to broadly cordate, occasionally hastate, 4.5–9 3 3–7.5 cm, base cordate, the sinus deep or occasionally so shallow as to give the leaf base a rounded appearance, margins entire or broadly 3- or 5-lobate, the lobes separated by shallow sinuses, apex acute or attenuate, lateral lobes rounded or obtuse, subglabrous to hirtellous with simple trichomes, densest along the veins on the abaxial surface; petiole alate or striate, subglabrous, 0.8–3.5 cm. Inflorescences axillary, flowers solitary, rarely in few-flowered cymes; peduncles striate to angulate, sometimes winged distally, glabrous, greatly exceeding the subtending petiole, 3.3–8 cm; bracts 2, lanceolate to ovate, 7–16 X 3–6.5 mm, base rounded, blade membranous, apex acute to attenuate, fugacious, when present drying reddish brown, glabrous or subglabrous, margins with few trichomes; pedicels clavate, winged or angulate, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm, thickening in fruit, becoming strongly 5-angled. Flowers erect, diurnal, odorless. Calyx with sepals equal, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 2.3–3 X 1.6–2.1 cm, basally obtuse to acute, margins thin and membranous, entire, apices rounded, obtuse or acute, mucronate, glabrous, reddish brown in dry state, enlarging and becoming woody in fruit. Corolla campanulate, bright yellow, 3.5–5.2 X 3.3–5.1 cm, limb 5-toothed, midpetaline bands hirsute throughout or toward tips, minute glands not seen. Stamens included, subequal, 2.2–2.5 cm; basally adnate to corolla for about 1/2 their length, margins lined with glandular hairs up to insertion point, medially glabrous, free, filamentous and glabrous above insertion point; anthers spirally dehiscent, 8–10 mm, yellow, bases sagittate. Pollen 3- zonocolpate or 6-pantocolpate. Pistil included; style filiform, to 20 mm; ovary conical, 1.5–2 mm high, drying black, glabrous; stigma biglobose, the lobes pendent. Fruiting calyx accrescent, chartaceous to semi-woody, drying redbrown, reflexing in fruit; sepals 2.8–3.5 cm. Capsule depressed globose, 4-lobed, 1.5–2 cm diam., septate, 2- celled, each cell 1- or 2-seeded; operculum reddish brown, 1.2–1.4 cm diam., minutely apiculate; endocarp whitish, translucent. Seeds 4 or fewer, globose-carinate, 4–8 mm, dull brownish, glabrous; hilum broadly hippocrepiform (horseshoe-shaped), black, glabrous.A
Distribución
México (país) Nativo y no endémicoA: Campeche Presente
Categoría IUCN
No incluidaB
Categoría NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
No incluidaC
Discusión taxonómica
Two varieties are known; they are separable by the following key:
1. Leaves broadly ovate, hastate, or cordate . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. hamiltonii var. hamiltonii
19. Leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate, often distinctly mucronate . . . . . . . . . O. hamiltonii var. mucronata
3a. Operculina hamiltonii var. hamiltonii.
Distribution. Variety hamiltonii occurs in Mexico (possibly in error, see Comments), Central America (Costa Rica, Panama), theWest Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago), and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela) (Fig. 10).
Ecology. Operculina hamiltonii var. hamiltonii is an opportunistic taxon that thrives on human disturbance, springing up in openings and margins in forest and secondary regrowth, in bosque primario seco tropical [primary dry tropical forest] (G. Tipaz et al. 904), along roadsides. It is reported in tabuleiro woodland, among closely spaced low trees and tall shrubs; as weedy in agricultural fields and field edges, abandoned fazendas and in campo aprico; on dry clay or sandy soil; and was also collected near a stream. Elevation ranges from 100 to 200 m.
Phenology. Evidently, flowering occurs at any time of the year, with a peak from September through December, when the day length is decreasing. The showy, bowl-shaped, bright yellow flowers appear to fit the bee pollination syndrome. Collectors report the flowers are open only by 9:30 a.m. (D. F. Austin et al. 6948, J. A. A. M. Lourenço et al. 123).
Vernacular names. Brazil: batata-de-purga (Franco 67), batata-rana (Huber 808), batatão (Austin et al. 6948), batatão-da-mata (Austin et al. 6968), flor da pau (Urbano 12333), jalapa-amarela (Fro´es 11851), jalapa-da-terra (Fro´es 1764), purga do cipo (Hoehne Comm. Rondon 3062), unha de gato (Silva 15); batataamarela, batatarana (Austin & Cavalcante, 1982: 123). Cuba: bejuco mechuacan (Leon 791). Panama: batatilla (Wetmore & Vestal 684). Trinidad and Tobago: wild morning glory (Fairchild 2858).
Typification. According to Taxonomic Literature II (Stafleu & Cowan, 1979), the collections of William Hamilton are deposited in the Paris herbarium. We failed to find any specimen in Paris, or any other herbarium, that could be original material for Convolvulus alatus Ham. We are therefore choosing a neotype for this name and the later names based on it: the specimen Broadway 4801 from the type locality and collected in the same month, with duplicates in several herbaria, is an excellent choice, and we have designated it here to stand in place of the missing original material.
Uses. This plant is used as a laxative and a purgative against worms (Sobral et al., 2011). Information recorded by collectors about its uses mentions: raiz ralada fabrica- se purgantes para curar ameba e outras doenças [the grated root is used to make purgatives to cure amoeba and other diseases] (Rosa & Santos 1829); purgativa e depurativa [purgative and purifying] (Chagas 909); and raiz drastica, venenosa em altas dose [root drastic (e.g., purgative), poisonous in high doses] (Luis 1024).
Comments. The single report of Operculina hamiltonii from Mexico is a poorly localized specimen collected by William Houstoun in 1730 from “Campeche”; it is the type gathering for Ipomoea ampliata. Houstoun did collect in the Yucat´an region of Mexico as well as Cuba, Jamaica, and parts of Spanish America, and was shipwrecked near modern Veracruz in 1730, so perhaps he did collect the specimen in Mexico. But it is suspicious that so conspicuous a plant as O. hamiltonii has never been collected again in Mexico since 1730: we did not locate a single specimen from Mexico nor was O. hamiltonii included in the Flora de Veracruz Convolvulaceae account (McDonald, 1993), the Etnoflora Yucatanense account (McDonald, 1997), ormentioned in the recent comprehensive checklist of Mexican flora (Villaseñor, 2016). We strongly suspect the species does not occur in Mexico.
Austin (1975: 187) misapplied the name Operculina triquetra in the Flora of Panama Convolvulaceae account to what is actually O. hamiltonii. Genuine O. triquetra (Vahl) Hallier f. is a taxonomic synonym of O. turpethum.
Selected specimens examined [192 collections total]. BOLIVIA. Beni: Gral. Ballivian, Estación biológica del Beni, 14°18ʹ00ʺS, 66°22ʹ12ʺW, 200 m, 14 May 1995, J. Balderrama 551 (LPB, SP). Santa Cruz: Velasco, 14°36ʹ13ʺS, 61°29ʹ28ʺW, 200 m, 19 Mar. 1997, L. Sánchez A. et al. 450 (MO, SP, USZ). BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, 3 Oct. 1980, S. R. Lowrie et al. 362 (INPA, NY). Amapá: Macapa, 3 Oct. 1979, D. F. Austin et al. 6968 (FAU, NY). Amazonas: Manaus, 28 Sep. 1971, P. J. M. Maas et al. 471 (COL, INP, MO, U, USF). Ceará: Pacujá, 3°59ʹS, 40°41ʹW, 17 May 2007, J. R. Lemos 16 (HUEFS). Goiás: Monte Alegre de Goiás, 600 m, 13 Mar. 1973, W. R. Anderson 7008 (FAU, NY, UB). Maranhão: Maracassumé, 12 July 1932, R. L. Froés 1764 (F, GH, K, MO, NY, P, S, U); “in maritimis,” s. loc., Martius Obs. 2465 p.p. (syntype M). Mato Grosso: Conquista d’Oeste, 14°30ʹ05ʺS, 59°48ʹ09ʺW, 266 m, 18 May 2013, J. E. Q. Faria et al. 3565 (SP, UB). Mato Grosso do Sul: Aquidauana, 20°28ʹS, 55°48ʹW, Mar. 1999, F. Uchoa s.n. (UB). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, 20 Apr. 1946, Macedo 317 (MO, S). Pará: Belém, capoeira baixa do I.A.N., 1°27ʹS, 48°29ʹW, 17 Sep. 1945, R. L. Fro´es 195 (GH); Itaituba Mun., Km. 974–980 along BR-163, 7°25ʹS, 55°20ʹW, 5 Dec. 1983, M. N. Silva 295–3417 (INPA, NY); Salinópolis, 23 Sep. 1979, D. F. Austin et al. 6948 (GH). Paraíba: Granguro, 7°15ʹS, 36°30ʹW, Aug. 1935, P. von Luetzelburg 26711 (M). Pernambuco: Pau d’Alho, 7°53ʹ56ʺS, 35°10ʹ26ʺW, 27 July 1992, A. M. Miranda et al. 525 (HUEFS, PEUFR). Piauí: Altos, FLONA Palmares, along BR-163, 7°25ʹS, 55°20ʹW, 5 Dec. 1983, M. N. Silva 295–3417 (INPA, NY); Salinópolis, 23 Sep. 1979, D. F. Austin et al. 6948 (GH). Paraíba: Granguro, 7°15ʹS, 36°30ʹW, Aug. 1935, P. von Luetzelburg 26711 (M). Pernambuco: Pau d’Alho, 7°53ʹ56ʺS, 35°10ʹ26ʺW, 27 July 1992, A. M. Miranda et al. 525 (HUEFS, PEUFR). Piauí: Altos, FLONA Palmares, 5°02ʹ48ʺS, 42°35ʹ58ʺW, 160 m, 13 June 2016, J. A. A. M. Lourenço et al. 141 (PEUFR); “inter Brejo et Ilha Praedia,” Martius Obs. 2465 p.p. (syntype M). Rondonia: Jaciparaná, 25 June 1968, G. T. Prance et al. 5181 (INPA, K, L, MO). Roraima: Rio Branco, Feb. 1909, E. Ule 8287 (B, K, L, U, UC). Tocantins: Palmas, 22 Mar. 2000, E. A. Soares et al. 612 (UB). S. loc.: Rio Negro, in sylvis ad Japuraf´e, Martius ‘33’ (syntype M); Rio Negro, Martius s.n. ‘880’ (syntype M), Martius s.n. ‘882’ (syntype M). COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Baranoa, 14 Jan. 1941, Dugand et al. 2820 (COL). Bolívar: Arjona, 30–50 m, 15 Nov. 1926, E. P. Killip et al. 14511 (COL, F, GH, MO, NY, P, S). Cesar: Poponte, 5 Oct. 1924, C. Allen 767 (MO). Chocó: Mpio. de Riosucio, 25 Nov. 1976, Leon 543 (MO). Cordoba: Planeta Rica, 4 Nov. 1976, P. López 4003 (COL). Magdalena: Fundacion, 29 Nov. 1943, Haught 3909 (COL); Santa Marta, 100 m, Nov., H. H. Smith 1584 (F, GH, L, MO, P, S, U). COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Hacienda Palo Verde, 10°19ʹ48ʺN, 85°18ʹ00ʺW, 23 Nov. 1973, K. H. Keeler 193 (FAU, MO, UC); Bagaces, Puerto Chamorro, Valle de Tempisque, 10°20ʹ24ʺN, 85°24ʹ36ʺW, 24 Nov. 1995, U. Chavarría 1334 (MO). CUBA. Granma: Bayamo, 20°22ʹ54ʺN, 76°38ʹ34ʺW, Nov., C. Wright 3083 p.p. (GH, NY, P). Las Tunas: Victoria de las Tunas, 20°58ʹN, 76°57ʹW, 27 Oct. 1922, E. L. Ekman 15586 (F, GH, NY, S, US). Villa Clara: Santa Clara Mpio., Santa Clara, 22°24ʹN, 79°58ʹW, 18 Apr. 1933, Rutten-Pekelharing 352 (U); Lomas de Banao, Aug. –Oct. 1920, Fr. Leon 791 (NY). DOMINICA. St. Joseph: Grande Savanne, 15°44ʹ44ʺN, 61°43ʹ14ʺW, 23 Nov. 1964, D. H. Nicolson 2042 (US). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santiago: Nigua, 20 m, 8 Nov. 1973, Liogier 20602 (F, NY, US). ECUADOR. Guayas: Guayaquil Cantón, 100 m, 6 May 1992, G. Tipaz et al. 904 (FAU, MO, QCNE). FRENCH GUIANA. Acarouany, 5°35ʹ32ʺN, 53°48ʹ44ʺW, anno 1858, Sagot 374 (BR, P, U); Cayenne, May 1986, D. Y. Alexandre 488 (CAY). Kaw: Kaw, 140 m, 13 Sep. 1987, A. Weitzman et al. 312 (FAU, MO, U, US). GUYANA. East Berbice-Corentyne: Orealla, Nov. 1879, E. F. Im Thurn s.n. (P). Essequibo Islands–West Demerara: Hubu, Oct. 1905, Bartlett 8579 (NY). HAITI. Centre: Mirebalais, 150 m, 2 Dec. 1928, E. L. Ekman 10878 (F, GH, NY, US). MEXICO. Campeche: Campeche, 19°50ʹ17ʺN, 90°31ʹ40ʺW, anno 1730, W. Houstoun s.n. (BM). PANAMA. Canal Zone: Fort Clayton vic., out rd. C-15, near TTC Albrook Tower, 5 Jan. 1966, K. E. Blum 2048 (MO). Cocl´e: Chorillo, 9 Nov. 1975, Fernandez 13 (MO). Panamá: Chepo, 23 Feb. 1969, Tyson 5351 (MSU). Veraguas: Río Concepción, 5 m, 4 Dec. 1967, W. H. Lewis et al. 2870 (MO). PARAGUAY. Amambay: Bella Vista, Dec. 1901–02, E. Hassler 8268 (C, G, GH, MO, NY, P, S, UC). PERU. San Martín: Juanjuí, 400–800 m, 1 May 1936, G. Klug 4335 (F, GH, MO, NY, U, UC). ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES. St. Patrick: Barrouallie, 400 m, s.d., H. H. Smith et al. 1159 (GH, NY). SURINAME. Paramaribo: Paramaribo vic., 5°52ʹN, 55°10ʹW, Apr. 1843, H. C. Focke 778 (lectotype U). Saramacca: Groningen, forest of the station, 5°48ʹN, 55°28ʹW, 10 May 1916, J. A. Samuels 397 (GH). Sipaliwini: Voltz Berg, 22 Sep. 1957, J. P. Schultz 7791 (BBS, FAU, U). S. loc.: anno 1846, Hostmann et al. 802 a (P), Hostmann & Kappler 802 (MO, U). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Tobago: Barolet, 20 Oct. 1889, H. F. A. von Eggers 5471 (F, GH, L, P); Scarboro, 11°10ʹ52ʺN, 60°44ʹ00ʺW, 11 Jan. 1953, F. W. Hunnewell 19984 (GH). Trinidad: Saint George Co., Tacarigua, 29 Aug. 1953, G. F. Mees s.n. (L); s. loc., 10°30ʹN, 61°15ʹW, 15 Feb. 1932, D. Fairchild 2858 (L). VENEZUELA. Aragua: Maracay vic., Dec. 1931, C. Vogl 805 (U). Barinas: 30 km N of Barinas, 2 Aug. 1974,D. F. Austin & S. K. Austin 6032 (FAU). Bolívar: Ciudad Guayana, 1 Mar. 1972, G. S. Bunting et al. 4620 (NY). Cojedes: Macanilla, Nov. 1976, Delascio et al. 4661 (FAU). Guárico: San Juan de los Morros, 3 Jan. 1939, Alston 6031 (NY, USF). S. loc. “in vice-regno Peruviano et Chilensi lectae,” anno 1799, Ruiz & Pavon 1799 (F).
Cultivated. FRANCE. Hautes-de-Seine: Arboretum de la Vallée-aux-Loupes, living collections of the Collection Nationale des Convolvulac´ees, 27 Sep. 2010, A. R. Simões 59 (BM).
PANAMA. S. loc.: Dec. 1859, Hayes 583 (NY).
3b. Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata D. F. Austin & Staples, J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 488. 1983. TYPE: Brazil. Mato Grosso: Serra das Araras, in campo áprico, 14 Feb. 1894, C. A. M. Lindman A2997 (holotype, S! S07-4342; isotype, S! S07-4358).
Herbs, glabrous; sap unknown. Stems prostrate or perhaps twining at the tips, glabrous, cylindrical, striate to subalate, to 2 mm diam. Leaf blades lanceolatehastate, 7.4–8.7 X 0.7–1.4 cm, basally cordate to auriculate, margins entire, slightly revolute, apically attenuate, mucronate, mucro to 1 mm when present, texture chartaceous; nerves impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially; petiole stout, 5–12 mm, striate, sulcate adaxially. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles slender, greatly exceeding subtending petioles, 5–7 cm, striate basally or throughout, distally alate; bracts 2, attenuate-deltoid, 5–9 mm, 2 mm wide at base, membranous, basally truncate, apically attenuate, probably caducous; pedicels clavate, 9–15 mm, 3–4 mm wide at apex, striate to 5-angled. Calyx pyriform, sepals 6 equal, obovate, 16–18 X 7–8 mm, reddish brown when dried, membranous, basally truncate, margins entire, apically acute, mucronate. Corolla campanulate, yellow, 3.6–3.8 X 3.8–4.3 cm, sericeous on the tips of the interplicae, otherwise glabrous. Stamens unequal, included; anthers spirally dehiscent, 3–4 mm. Pistil not seen. Fruits and seeds unknown.
Distribution. Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata is endemic to Brazil (Fig. 10).
Phenology. Flowering occurs in February.
Comments. We failed to locate any additional specimens for variety mucronata despite searching several Brazilian herbaria during personal visits and searching the Brazilian virtual herbaria online (speciesLink, 2018). Superficially, Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata is similar to O. maypurensis in terms of the diminutive habit, narrowly lanceolate leaves, and small flowers. However, the yellow corolla, the ampliate calyx that is reddish Brown when dried, and the sepal shape and proportionality are distinctive, and the two taxa are separable on these technical characters. For now this remains an enigmatic taxon that collectors are urged to seek out and document.
Specimens examined. Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata is known only from the type gathering.A
1. Leaves broadly ovate, hastate, or cordate . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. hamiltonii var. hamiltonii
19. Leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate, often distinctly mucronate . . . . . . . . . O. hamiltonii var. mucronata
3a. Operculina hamiltonii var. hamiltonii.
Distribution. Variety hamiltonii occurs in Mexico (possibly in error, see Comments), Central America (Costa Rica, Panama), theWest Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago), and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela) (Fig. 10).
Ecology. Operculina hamiltonii var. hamiltonii is an opportunistic taxon that thrives on human disturbance, springing up in openings and margins in forest and secondary regrowth, in bosque primario seco tropical [primary dry tropical forest] (G. Tipaz et al. 904), along roadsides. It is reported in tabuleiro woodland, among closely spaced low trees and tall shrubs; as weedy in agricultural fields and field edges, abandoned fazendas and in campo aprico; on dry clay or sandy soil; and was also collected near a stream. Elevation ranges from 100 to 200 m.
Phenology. Evidently, flowering occurs at any time of the year, with a peak from September through December, when the day length is decreasing. The showy, bowl-shaped, bright yellow flowers appear to fit the bee pollination syndrome. Collectors report the flowers are open only by 9:30 a.m. (D. F. Austin et al. 6948, J. A. A. M. Lourenço et al. 123).
Vernacular names. Brazil: batata-de-purga (Franco 67), batata-rana (Huber 808), batatão (Austin et al. 6948), batatão-da-mata (Austin et al. 6968), flor da pau (Urbano 12333), jalapa-amarela (Fro´es 11851), jalapa-da-terra (Fro´es 1764), purga do cipo (Hoehne Comm. Rondon 3062), unha de gato (Silva 15); batataamarela, batatarana (Austin & Cavalcante, 1982: 123). Cuba: bejuco mechuacan (Leon 791). Panama: batatilla (Wetmore & Vestal 684). Trinidad and Tobago: wild morning glory (Fairchild 2858).
Typification. According to Taxonomic Literature II (Stafleu & Cowan, 1979), the collections of William Hamilton are deposited in the Paris herbarium. We failed to find any specimen in Paris, or any other herbarium, that could be original material for Convolvulus alatus Ham. We are therefore choosing a neotype for this name and the later names based on it: the specimen Broadway 4801 from the type locality and collected in the same month, with duplicates in several herbaria, is an excellent choice, and we have designated it here to stand in place of the missing original material.
Uses. This plant is used as a laxative and a purgative against worms (Sobral et al., 2011). Information recorded by collectors about its uses mentions: raiz ralada fabrica- se purgantes para curar ameba e outras doenças [the grated root is used to make purgatives to cure amoeba and other diseases] (Rosa & Santos 1829); purgativa e depurativa [purgative and purifying] (Chagas 909); and raiz drastica, venenosa em altas dose [root drastic (e.g., purgative), poisonous in high doses] (Luis 1024).
Comments. The single report of Operculina hamiltonii from Mexico is a poorly localized specimen collected by William Houstoun in 1730 from “Campeche”; it is the type gathering for Ipomoea ampliata. Houstoun did collect in the Yucat´an region of Mexico as well as Cuba, Jamaica, and parts of Spanish America, and was shipwrecked near modern Veracruz in 1730, so perhaps he did collect the specimen in Mexico. But it is suspicious that so conspicuous a plant as O. hamiltonii has never been collected again in Mexico since 1730: we did not locate a single specimen from Mexico nor was O. hamiltonii included in the Flora de Veracruz Convolvulaceae account (McDonald, 1993), the Etnoflora Yucatanense account (McDonald, 1997), ormentioned in the recent comprehensive checklist of Mexican flora (Villaseñor, 2016). We strongly suspect the species does not occur in Mexico.
Austin (1975: 187) misapplied the name Operculina triquetra in the Flora of Panama Convolvulaceae account to what is actually O. hamiltonii. Genuine O. triquetra (Vahl) Hallier f. is a taxonomic synonym of O. turpethum.
Selected specimens examined [192 collections total]. BOLIVIA. Beni: Gral. Ballivian, Estación biológica del Beni, 14°18ʹ00ʺS, 66°22ʹ12ʺW, 200 m, 14 May 1995, J. Balderrama 551 (LPB, SP). Santa Cruz: Velasco, 14°36ʹ13ʺS, 61°29ʹ28ʺW, 200 m, 19 Mar. 1997, L. Sánchez A. et al. 450 (MO, SP, USZ). BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, 3 Oct. 1980, S. R. Lowrie et al. 362 (INPA, NY). Amapá: Macapa, 3 Oct. 1979, D. F. Austin et al. 6968 (FAU, NY). Amazonas: Manaus, 28 Sep. 1971, P. J. M. Maas et al. 471 (COL, INP, MO, U, USF). Ceará: Pacujá, 3°59ʹS, 40°41ʹW, 17 May 2007, J. R. Lemos 16 (HUEFS). Goiás: Monte Alegre de Goiás, 600 m, 13 Mar. 1973, W. R. Anderson 7008 (FAU, NY, UB). Maranhão: Maracassumé, 12 July 1932, R. L. Froés 1764 (F, GH, K, MO, NY, P, S, U); “in maritimis,” s. loc., Martius Obs. 2465 p.p. (syntype M). Mato Grosso: Conquista d’Oeste, 14°30ʹ05ʺS, 59°48ʹ09ʺW, 266 m, 18 May 2013, J. E. Q. Faria et al. 3565 (SP, UB). Mato Grosso do Sul: Aquidauana, 20°28ʹS, 55°48ʹW, Mar. 1999, F. Uchoa s.n. (UB). Minas Gerais: Ituiutaba, 20 Apr. 1946, Macedo 317 (MO, S). Pará: Belém, capoeira baixa do I.A.N., 1°27ʹS, 48°29ʹW, 17 Sep. 1945, R. L. Fro´es 195 (GH); Itaituba Mun., Km. 974–980 along BR-163, 7°25ʹS, 55°20ʹW, 5 Dec. 1983, M. N. Silva 295–3417 (INPA, NY); Salinópolis, 23 Sep. 1979, D. F. Austin et al. 6948 (GH). Paraíba: Granguro, 7°15ʹS, 36°30ʹW, Aug. 1935, P. von Luetzelburg 26711 (M). Pernambuco: Pau d’Alho, 7°53ʹ56ʺS, 35°10ʹ26ʺW, 27 July 1992, A. M. Miranda et al. 525 (HUEFS, PEUFR). Piauí: Altos, FLONA Palmares, along BR-163, 7°25ʹS, 55°20ʹW, 5 Dec. 1983, M. N. Silva 295–3417 (INPA, NY); Salinópolis, 23 Sep. 1979, D. F. Austin et al. 6948 (GH). Paraíba: Granguro, 7°15ʹS, 36°30ʹW, Aug. 1935, P. von Luetzelburg 26711 (M). Pernambuco: Pau d’Alho, 7°53ʹ56ʺS, 35°10ʹ26ʺW, 27 July 1992, A. M. Miranda et al. 525 (HUEFS, PEUFR). Piauí: Altos, FLONA Palmares, 5°02ʹ48ʺS, 42°35ʹ58ʺW, 160 m, 13 June 2016, J. A. A. M. Lourenço et al. 141 (PEUFR); “inter Brejo et Ilha Praedia,” Martius Obs. 2465 p.p. (syntype M). Rondonia: Jaciparaná, 25 June 1968, G. T. Prance et al. 5181 (INPA, K, L, MO). Roraima: Rio Branco, Feb. 1909, E. Ule 8287 (B, K, L, U, UC). Tocantins: Palmas, 22 Mar. 2000, E. A. Soares et al. 612 (UB). S. loc.: Rio Negro, in sylvis ad Japuraf´e, Martius ‘33’ (syntype M); Rio Negro, Martius s.n. ‘880’ (syntype M), Martius s.n. ‘882’ (syntype M). COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Baranoa, 14 Jan. 1941, Dugand et al. 2820 (COL). Bolívar: Arjona, 30–50 m, 15 Nov. 1926, E. P. Killip et al. 14511 (COL, F, GH, MO, NY, P, S). Cesar: Poponte, 5 Oct. 1924, C. Allen 767 (MO). Chocó: Mpio. de Riosucio, 25 Nov. 1976, Leon 543 (MO). Cordoba: Planeta Rica, 4 Nov. 1976, P. López 4003 (COL). Magdalena: Fundacion, 29 Nov. 1943, Haught 3909 (COL); Santa Marta, 100 m, Nov., H. H. Smith 1584 (F, GH, L, MO, P, S, U). COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Hacienda Palo Verde, 10°19ʹ48ʺN, 85°18ʹ00ʺW, 23 Nov. 1973, K. H. Keeler 193 (FAU, MO, UC); Bagaces, Puerto Chamorro, Valle de Tempisque, 10°20ʹ24ʺN, 85°24ʹ36ʺW, 24 Nov. 1995, U. Chavarría 1334 (MO). CUBA. Granma: Bayamo, 20°22ʹ54ʺN, 76°38ʹ34ʺW, Nov., C. Wright 3083 p.p. (GH, NY, P). Las Tunas: Victoria de las Tunas, 20°58ʹN, 76°57ʹW, 27 Oct. 1922, E. L. Ekman 15586 (F, GH, NY, S, US). Villa Clara: Santa Clara Mpio., Santa Clara, 22°24ʹN, 79°58ʹW, 18 Apr. 1933, Rutten-Pekelharing 352 (U); Lomas de Banao, Aug. –Oct. 1920, Fr. Leon 791 (NY). DOMINICA. St. Joseph: Grande Savanne, 15°44ʹ44ʺN, 61°43ʹ14ʺW, 23 Nov. 1964, D. H. Nicolson 2042 (US). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santiago: Nigua, 20 m, 8 Nov. 1973, Liogier 20602 (F, NY, US). ECUADOR. Guayas: Guayaquil Cantón, 100 m, 6 May 1992, G. Tipaz et al. 904 (FAU, MO, QCNE). FRENCH GUIANA. Acarouany, 5°35ʹ32ʺN, 53°48ʹ44ʺW, anno 1858, Sagot 374 (BR, P, U); Cayenne, May 1986, D. Y. Alexandre 488 (CAY). Kaw: Kaw, 140 m, 13 Sep. 1987, A. Weitzman et al. 312 (FAU, MO, U, US). GUYANA. East Berbice-Corentyne: Orealla, Nov. 1879, E. F. Im Thurn s.n. (P). Essequibo Islands–West Demerara: Hubu, Oct. 1905, Bartlett 8579 (NY). HAITI. Centre: Mirebalais, 150 m, 2 Dec. 1928, E. L. Ekman 10878 (F, GH, NY, US). MEXICO. Campeche: Campeche, 19°50ʹ17ʺN, 90°31ʹ40ʺW, anno 1730, W. Houstoun s.n. (BM). PANAMA. Canal Zone: Fort Clayton vic., out rd. C-15, near TTC Albrook Tower, 5 Jan. 1966, K. E. Blum 2048 (MO). Cocl´e: Chorillo, 9 Nov. 1975, Fernandez 13 (MO). Panamá: Chepo, 23 Feb. 1969, Tyson 5351 (MSU). Veraguas: Río Concepción, 5 m, 4 Dec. 1967, W. H. Lewis et al. 2870 (MO). PARAGUAY. Amambay: Bella Vista, Dec. 1901–02, E. Hassler 8268 (C, G, GH, MO, NY, P, S, UC). PERU. San Martín: Juanjuí, 400–800 m, 1 May 1936, G. Klug 4335 (F, GH, MO, NY, U, UC). ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES. St. Patrick: Barrouallie, 400 m, s.d., H. H. Smith et al. 1159 (GH, NY). SURINAME. Paramaribo: Paramaribo vic., 5°52ʹN, 55°10ʹW, Apr. 1843, H. C. Focke 778 (lectotype U). Saramacca: Groningen, forest of the station, 5°48ʹN, 55°28ʹW, 10 May 1916, J. A. Samuels 397 (GH). Sipaliwini: Voltz Berg, 22 Sep. 1957, J. P. Schultz 7791 (BBS, FAU, U). S. loc.: anno 1846, Hostmann et al. 802 a (P), Hostmann & Kappler 802 (MO, U). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Tobago: Barolet, 20 Oct. 1889, H. F. A. von Eggers 5471 (F, GH, L, P); Scarboro, 11°10ʹ52ʺN, 60°44ʹ00ʺW, 11 Jan. 1953, F. W. Hunnewell 19984 (GH). Trinidad: Saint George Co., Tacarigua, 29 Aug. 1953, G. F. Mees s.n. (L); s. loc., 10°30ʹN, 61°15ʹW, 15 Feb. 1932, D. Fairchild 2858 (L). VENEZUELA. Aragua: Maracay vic., Dec. 1931, C. Vogl 805 (U). Barinas: 30 km N of Barinas, 2 Aug. 1974,D. F. Austin & S. K. Austin 6032 (FAU). Bolívar: Ciudad Guayana, 1 Mar. 1972, G. S. Bunting et al. 4620 (NY). Cojedes: Macanilla, Nov. 1976, Delascio et al. 4661 (FAU). Guárico: San Juan de los Morros, 3 Jan. 1939, Alston 6031 (NY, USF). S. loc. “in vice-regno Peruviano et Chilensi lectae,” anno 1799, Ruiz & Pavon 1799 (F).
Cultivated. FRANCE. Hautes-de-Seine: Arboretum de la Vallée-aux-Loupes, living collections of the Collection Nationale des Convolvulac´ees, 27 Sep. 2010, A. R. Simões 59 (BM).
PANAMA. S. loc.: Dec. 1859, Hayes 583 (NY).
3b. Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata D. F. Austin & Staples, J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 488. 1983. TYPE: Brazil. Mato Grosso: Serra das Araras, in campo áprico, 14 Feb. 1894, C. A. M. Lindman A2997 (holotype, S! S07-4342; isotype, S! S07-4358).
Herbs, glabrous; sap unknown. Stems prostrate or perhaps twining at the tips, glabrous, cylindrical, striate to subalate, to 2 mm diam. Leaf blades lanceolatehastate, 7.4–8.7 X 0.7–1.4 cm, basally cordate to auriculate, margins entire, slightly revolute, apically attenuate, mucronate, mucro to 1 mm when present, texture chartaceous; nerves impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially; petiole stout, 5–12 mm, striate, sulcate adaxially. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles slender, greatly exceeding subtending petioles, 5–7 cm, striate basally or throughout, distally alate; bracts 2, attenuate-deltoid, 5–9 mm, 2 mm wide at base, membranous, basally truncate, apically attenuate, probably caducous; pedicels clavate, 9–15 mm, 3–4 mm wide at apex, striate to 5-angled. Calyx pyriform, sepals 6 equal, obovate, 16–18 X 7–8 mm, reddish brown when dried, membranous, basally truncate, margins entire, apically acute, mucronate. Corolla campanulate, yellow, 3.6–3.8 X 3.8–4.3 cm, sericeous on the tips of the interplicae, otherwise glabrous. Stamens unequal, included; anthers spirally dehiscent, 3–4 mm. Pistil not seen. Fruits and seeds unknown.
Distribution. Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata is endemic to Brazil (Fig. 10).
Phenology. Flowering occurs in February.
Comments. We failed to locate any additional specimens for variety mucronata despite searching several Brazilian herbaria during personal visits and searching the Brazilian virtual herbaria online (speciesLink, 2018). Superficially, Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata is similar to O. maypurensis in terms of the diminutive habit, narrowly lanceolate leaves, and small flowers. However, the yellow corolla, the ampliate calyx that is reddish Brown when dried, and the sepal shape and proportionality are distinctive, and the two taxa are separable on these technical characters. For now this remains an enigmatic taxon that collectors are urged to seek out and document.
Specimens examined. Operculina hamiltonii var. mucronata is known only from the type gathering.A
Bibliografía
A. Staples, G. W., Simoes, A. R. & Austin, D. F. 2020: A Monograph of Operculina (Convolvulaceae). – Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105 (1): 64-138. https://doi.org/10.3417/2020435