Operculina pteripes (G. Don) O'Donell
Descripción
Herbaceous twiners; sap milky, abundant. Root slightly enlarged. Stems 2–8 m, cylindrical, striate to angular, glabrous, bases somewhat woody in some plants. Leaves entire, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–13 3 2–8 cm, basally cordate to subtruncate, basal lobes usually rounded and sinus shallow, apically acute to acuminate, mucronate, glabrous or base sometimes abaxially pubescent; petioles 1–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent toward apex. Inflorescences axillary, flowers 2 to 12 in cymose clusters, less often solitary; peduncles 2–15 cm, 3-winged in middle (rarely unwinged), wings 0.6–3.5 mm wide, attenuate toward both ends; bracts caducous, bracteoles lanceolate, 9–10 3 3–3.5 mm, acute, caducous; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm, thicker toward apex. Flower diurnal, ascending-erect, odorless. Sepals subequal, glabrous, outer 2 ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2.2–2.6 3 1.5–1.9 cm, basally truncate, apically obtuse or subacute, inner 3 ovate, 2.3–2.5 3 1.5–1.8 cm, basally rounded, apically subobtuse to obtuse. Corolla subsalverform, pink, red-orange to red-salmon, 4–7 cm, tube 0.5–1 cm diam., limb 3–5.8 cm diam., tube and interplicae densely tomentose, tiny gland dots not evident. Stamens subequal, exserted, 4–5 cm; anthers spirally dehiscent, 7–8 mm. Pollen 3-zonocolpate. Pistil exserted, equaling stamens; ovary ovoid, glabrous; stigma biglobose. Fruiting calyx accrescent, at first surrounding fruit, later reflexing from it. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm diam., brown; operculum olivaceous drying brown, capped by indurated style base; endocarp translucent. Seeds 1 to 4, oblong-ovoid, 8–9 mm, black, glabrous.A
Forma de crecimiento
Enredadera, HierbaA
Fructificación
Aug–Oct(–Jan)A
Floración
Mar–JanA
Ejemplar revisado
Selected specimens examined [157 collections]. BOLIVIA. Beni: Cachuela Esperanza, Rio Beni, July 1922, G. Meyer 231 (NY). Concepción: Palestina vic., 15°35ʹ06ʺS, 62°09ʹ13ʺW, 481 m, 4 May 2007, M. Mendoza et al. 2409 (LPB, MO, USZ). Pando: Madre de Dios, cerca barraca Sena, 220 m, 3 Sep. 1985, M. Moraes 454 (FAU, LPB, MO). BRAZIL. Goiás: Ipameri Mun., vic. ponte São Bento, 17°42ʹ52ʺS, 48°29ʹ54ʺW, 950 m, 11 Apr. 1996, T. B. Cavalcanti et al. 1934 (CEN, TEPB). Mato Grosso: Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, 14°35ʹ54ʺS, 59°44ʹ24ʺW, 233 m, 15 May 2013, M. R. V. Zanatta & J. E. Q. Faria 2005 (SP, UB). COLOMBIA. Bolívar: Torrecilla, near Turbaco, 150–300 m, Nov. 1926, E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 14638 (F, GH, MO, NY, S). Cesar: Poponte, 14 Oct. 1924, C. Allen 770 (MO). Magdalena: Santa Marta, Nov. 1898–1901, H. Smith 1565 (COL, F, GH, L, MO, P, S, U). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Carrillos de Poás, 26 Oct. 1931, A. M. Brenes 14347 (F, GH, NY). Guanacaste: Matapalo to Salinas, 15 Dec. 1990, P. Dobbler 3830 (M). Heredia: Heredia, anno 1933, A. M. Brenes s.n. (NY). Puntarenas: Puerto Nuevo, 8°58ʹ10ʺN, 83°18ʹ35ʺW, 70 m, 19 Dec. 1992, D. F. Austin 7832 (FAU, INB, MO, US). San José: Piedades de Santa Ana, 3 Nov. 1963, M. Jimenez 1292 (F). S. loc.: Esparsa, 1845–1848, A. Ørsted 12600 (C), Tacares, 13 Nov. 1932, M. Valerio 301 (F). ECUADOR. Guayas: Guayaquil, anno 1800, Ruiz et al. s.n. (type F, MA). EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán: Cerro de Apaneca, 15 Oct. 1957, Gonzalez 1655 (USF). Morazán: Montecristo, 3 Dec. 1941, Tucker 459 (F, UC); San Salvador, anno 1924, S. Calderón 2058 (GH). GUATEMALA. Chiquimula: Chiquimula, 21 Oct. 1939, J. A. Steyermark 30135 (F, NY). Escuintla: betw. Escuintla & Puerto San José, 150 m, 15 Nov. 1967, A. Molina R. 21169 (F, GH, NY). Jutiapa: region of El Tamblón, NE of Jutiapa, 31 Oct. 1940, P. C. Standley 75841 (F). Santa Rosa: Casillas, 1300 m, Nov. 1892, Heyde & Lux 4351 (GH). Sololá: s. loc., July 1891, Shannon 408 (US). HONDURAS. Choluteca: vic. of Pespire, 18–25 Oct. 1950, P. C. Standley 27007 (F). Copán: Quebrada Seca, 500 m, 19 Nov. 1969, A. Molina R. et al. 24644 (F, MO, NY); Francisco Morazán: Oyuca, Nov. 1943, Rodrigues 1592 (F). Lempira: Gracias, anno 1852, Hjalmarson s.n. (S); Olancho: Valle Catacamas, 19 Nov. 1963, R. Molina 13294 (F, NY). MEXICO. Chiapas: hacienda Monserrate, Sep. 1923, C. A. Purpus 9186 (F, GH, MO, NY, UC). Chihuahua: Rio Mayo, Guasaremos, 23 Aug. 1936, H. S. Gentry 2433 (GH, MO). Guerrero: Taxco el Viejo vic., 18°29ʹ00ʺN, 99°35ʹ03ʺW, 18 Sep. 1937, R. Q. Abbott 435 (GH); Temisco, 320 m, 30 Oct. 1937, Y. Mexía 8715 (B, F, GH, MO, NY, U, UC). Jalisco: Guadalajara, open fields near Río Grande de Santiago, 26 Aug. 1941, W. & M. Leavenworth 1873 (F); Tequila, Aug. 1886, E. Palmer 421 (type GH, K, MO, US). México: Temascaltepec, 26 Sep. 1933, G. B. Hinton 4817 (F, GH, K, MO, NA). Michoacán: Zitácuaro Mpio., Tuzantla-Tiquicheo, 650 m, 1 Oct. 1938, G. B. Hinton et al. 13296 (F, GH, K, MO, NA). Nayarit: Ixtlán del Río, 23 Sep. 1926, Y. Mexía 732 (C, NA, UC); Tres Marias Islands, Maria Madre, 180 m, 23 Oct. 1925, R. S. Ferris 5657 (MO). Oaxaca: San Pedro Tapanatepec, 30 Aug. 1971, Cruden 1918 (FAU, UC). Sinaloa: Choise, El Potrerillos, s.d., Ortega 873 (F); Culiacan, 1 Oct. 1904, T. S. Brandegee s.n. (GH, UC). Sonora: 3 mi. NE of Mátape, 29°07ʹN, 109°58ʹW, 799 m, 8 Sep. 1941, Wiggins & Rollins 398 (ARIZ, GH, MO, NY, UC); Yécora, La Concepción, 29°19ʹ25ʺN, 109°02ʹ20ʺW, 650 m, 18 July 1997, W. Trauba s.n. (ARIZ, FAU); S. loc.: Guatulco, Oct. 1842, Liebmann 12513 (C). NICARAGUA. Chinandega: Chinandega, 45 m, 13 Jan. 1903, C. F. Baker 36 (GH, MO, NY, UC). Chontales: bosques de San Miguelito, drenaje del Lago Granada, 30 m, 13 Nov. 1951, P. J. Shank & A. Molina R. 4579 (F, GH). Granada: La Perra, 100 m, 17 Nov. 1983, A. Grijalva et al. 3243 (FAU, MO). Managua: Managua, field near University Centroamericana, 150 m, 30 Sep. 1976, D. Neill 916 (MO). Masaya: Volcan Masaya, 13 Oct. 1983, A. Grijalva 3111 (FAU, MO). Matagalpa: Santa Maria de Ostuma, 1200–1500 m, s.d., Heller 1 (F). Nueva Segovia: El Jicaro, Cerro El Coyolito, 13°43ʹN, 86°06ʹW, 600–700 m, 27 Dec. 1984, P. P. Moreno 25269 (FAU, MO). Rivas: La Esperanza, 200–400 m, 14 Dec. 1984, W. Robleto 1651 (HNMN, MO). PANAMA. Canal Zone: Thatcher Ferry Bridge, 10–25 m, 5 Dec. 1971, A. H. Gentry 2858 (F, MO, NY). Veraguas: Santiago, ca. 50 m, Nov. 1938, P. H. Allen 1011 (GH, L, MO); s. loc., Dec. 1861, S. Hayes 543 (types BM, K); s. loc., s.d., Seemann 176 (type K). VENEZUELA. Aragua: prope coloniam Tovar, 2300 m, 8 Sep. 1856, A. Fendler 2084 (type GH). Bolívar: Sucre, Jabillal, 70 m, Mar. 1989, A. Fernandez et al. 4979866 (MO). Carabobo: Bárbula, 500 m, 12 Dec. 1938, L. Williams et al. 341 (NY, P, S, U, USF). Guárico: Ortiz, Oct. 1963, Aristeguieta 5193 (COL, F, MO, U). Zulia: carretera Machiques-Colón, 20 Nov. 1968, Aristeguieta 6787 (NY).A
Elevación
50 – 850(– 1250) mA
Ecología y Hábitat
Ecology. Collectors report a wide array of habitats in their label data: in Mexico there are several reports of tropical deciduous forest, tropical Sonoran forest, and oak-pine forest. Other habitats and environments reported include: chaparral; bosque Amazonico; mata de galeria antropizada em cerrado [disturbed gallery forest in cerrado] (T. B. Cavalcanti et al. 1934); along roadside in canyon; in open pasture on rocky slopes and deciduous forest on basaltic mesas; roadside thickets; rocky riverbank; zona muy intervenida con papayas escapadas, lado del camino en zona perturba [heavily trafficked zone with escaped papayas, at side of road in disturbed area] (M. Mendoza & C. Rivadeneira 2409); matorrales húmedas-pedregosos, bosques pantanosos [stony-wet thickets in swamp forests] (P. J. Shank & A. Molina R. 4579); low hills in savanna, brushy secondary growth; in xeric secondary vegetation; upper tropical dry forest associated with pine-oak; bosque seco tropical [tropical dry forest] (W. Robleto 1651); en vegetacion secundaria, xerica sobre afloramiento rocoso [in xeric secondary vegetation, on rocky outcrop] (A. Fernandez & E. Sanoja 4979866). Substrates reported include sandy; volcanic area on basaltic substrate; and suelo basaltico en procese de meteorizacion [basaltic soil in process of weathering] (A. Grijalva 3111). Vegetational associates include: Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan, Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng., Bursera, Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth–Curatella Loefl. savanna, Ceiba Mill., Heliocarpus L., Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl., Quercus pennivenia Trel., and Xanthoxilum (sic).
Evidently, this is the only species of Operculina that is adapted for hummingbird pollination. The salverform corolla shape, genitalia exserted from the corolla and flesh-colored to salmon-orange or red corolla color all conform to a syndrome for bird-pollinated flowers in the Neotropics, and hummingbirds have been reported to visit the blooms (Felger et al., 2012: 522).A
Evidently, this is the only species of Operculina that is adapted for hummingbird pollination. The salverform corolla shape, genitalia exserted from the corolla and flesh-colored to salmon-orange or red corolla color all conform to a syndrome for bird-pollinated flowers in the Neotropics, and hummingbirds have been reported to visit the blooms (Felger et al., 2012: 522).A
Tipo de vegetación
Selva baja, Bosque de pino-encino, Pastizal de otro tipo, Matorral de otro tipoA
Categoría IUCN
No incluidaB
Categoría NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
No incluidaC
Discusión taxonómica
Typification. George Don indicated he saw material in the Ruiz & Pavón herbarium (now MA), and we have chosen a specimen in Madrid collected by Ruiz and Pavón that fits the protologue closely. Meisner created a superfluous name when he named Operculina pteropus because he cited two older names in synonymy. It is possible Meisner was actually trying to make a new combination in Operculina, based on Calonyction pteripes G. Don, but he misspelled the epithet pteripes as “pteropus” and cited a Pavon specimen in LE; if this specimen is a duplicate of the same Pavon collection on which George Don based his C. pteripes, then Meisner’s name is illegitimate as well as superfluous. It seems likely that C. pterodes, published by Choisy, is simply an orthographic variant, in error, for C. pteripes G. Don.
Hooker (1862) based his Ipomoea alatipes on a cultivated plant grown in the glasshouse at Kew and also cited three collections from Panama and Venezuela (syntypes). We found no voucher specimen in Kew for the cultivated plant, and one of the syntypes in Kew, Fendler 2084, is missing. However, Fendler 2084 is present in the Gray Herbarium, and it is a very complete specimen; we have chosen it as the lectotype for Hooker’s name. One wonders whether Hooker gave one of the syntypes to his friend Asa Gray; we found no other duplicates anywhere for Fendler 2084.
Seemann (1854: 171) misapplied the name Ipomoea pterodes to what is actually Operculina pinnatifida, a different taxonomic concept than I. pterodes Choisy (a synonym of O. hamiltonii).A
Hooker (1862) based his Ipomoea alatipes on a cultivated plant grown in the glasshouse at Kew and also cited three collections from Panama and Venezuela (syntypes). We found no voucher specimen in Kew for the cultivated plant, and one of the syntypes in Kew, Fendler 2084, is missing. However, Fendler 2084 is present in the Gray Herbarium, and it is a very complete specimen; we have chosen it as the lectotype for Hooker’s name. One wonders whether Hooker gave one of the syntypes to his friend Asa Gray; we found no other duplicates anywhere for Fendler 2084.
Seemann (1854: 171) misapplied the name Ipomoea pterodes to what is actually Operculina pinnatifida, a different taxonomic concept than I. pterodes Choisy (a synonym of O. hamiltonii).A
Bibliografía
A. Staples, G. W., Simoes, A. R. & Austin, D. F. 2020: A Monograph of Operculina (Convolvulaceae). – Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105 (1): 64-138. https://doi.org/10.3417/2020435
C. SEMARNAT 2019: MODIFICACIÓN del Anexo Normativo III, Lista de especies en riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010: 101 pp. – https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5578808&fecha=14/11/2019#gsc.tab=0 [accessed 2023-05-04 06:16]
D. Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J. L. (Eds.) 1993: Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. – Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i-xl, 1-1286
E. Felger, R. S., Austin, D. F., van Devender, T. R. & Sánchez-Escalante, J. J. 2012: Convolvulaceae of Sonora, Mexico. I. Convolvulus, Cressa, Dichondra, Evolvulus, Ipomoea, Jaquemontia, Merremia, and Operculina. – J. Bot. Res. Ins. Texas 6: 459-527